Achieving full duplex 10 Gbps on Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) is made possible by a combination of advanced technologies:

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◾ Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM): By varying the signal amplitude, more data can be encoded per unit of time, increasing bandwidth.

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◾ Multi-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-n): Using multiple amplitude levels further increases data density.

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◾ Equalization: This technique compensates for signal degradation caused by cable length and other factors, ensuring a stable and reliable transmission.

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◾ Advanced coding: Sophisticated coding techniques minimize errors and improve signal integrity.

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◾ High frequency: SPE systems operate at higher frequencies compared to traditional Ethernet, enabling higher data rates.

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◾ Specialized transformers: To transmit high frequencies over a single pair, specially designed transformers with high bandwidth are required.

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These technologies are combined in integrated circuits (ICs) optimized for SPE. The ICs handle all aspects of signal processing, including encoding, decoding, equalization, and physical interface management.10 Gbps on SPE is a groundbreaking technology enabling high-speed data transmission over a single pair of copper wires, max 15 meters. By combining advanced signal processing techniques and specially designed ICs, many of the challenges that previously limited bandwidth on copper-based networks have been overcome.

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